Guides
Practical, opinionated explanations to help you interpret metrics and avoid common mistakes.
How to use these guides
- Start with the guide that matches your decision (bidding, payback, retention, runway).
- Use formulas as a baseline, then validate assumptions with your data.
- Prefer cohort and segment views over blended averages when diagnosing issues.
- Use the linked calculators to sanity-check targets and break-even points.
- Watch common pitfalls (time windows, denominators, attribution bias) before changing budgets.
- Bookmark the hubs for ongoing operations (retention/churn, unit economics, measurement).
Paid ads
ROAS: What it is and how to use it
A practical guide to ROAS (Return on Ad Spend): definitions, formulas, benchmarks, and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-02-16
Paid ads funnel: CPM, CTR, CVR -> CPC, CPA, ROAS (with profit)
A practical guide to the paid ads funnel: how CPM, CTR, and CVR drive CPC, CPA, ROAS, and profit - with formulas and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-23
CTR (Click-Through Rate): definition, formula, and how to improve
CTR explained: what click-through rate is, how to calculate it, and how to improve CTR without sacrificing conversion quality.
Updated 2026-02-16
CVR (Conversion Rate): definition, formula, and how to calculate
CVR explained: what conversion rate means, how to calculate it correctly, and how to improve it without sacrificing scale.
Updated 2026-02-16
CPC Formula: How to Calculate Cost Per Click + Example
Learn the CPC formula, how to calculate cost per click, what affects CPC, and how CPC connects to CTR, CVR, CPA, and bidding.
Updated 2026-03-18
CPM (Cost Per 1,000 Impressions): definition, formula, and how to calculate
CPM explained: what cost per mille means, how to calculate it, and how CPM affects CPC and CPA.
Updated 2026-02-16
ROI vs ROAS: definitions, formulas, and when to use each
A concise guide to ROI and ROAS: what each metric measures, how to interpret results, and pitfalls in cost attribution.
Updated 2026-02-16
CAC vs CPA: definitions, formulas, and when to use each
CAC vs CPA explained: what each metric measures, how to calculate them, and how to translate CPA into CAC for planning.
Updated 2026-02-16
Break-even ROAS: how to calculate it (and set a target ROAS)
Learn how break-even ROAS works using contribution margin, what to include in the model, and how to turn it into a realistic target ROAS.
Updated 2026-02-16
Target ROAS: how to set a realistic ROAS goal
A practical guide to target ROAS: use contribution margin and allocations for fixed costs and profit to set a ROAS goal that fits your business.
Updated 2026-02-16
Incrementality: how to tell if ads are actually driving growth
Platform-reported ROAS can overstate impact. Learn what incrementality means, when it matters, and practical ways to test it.
Updated 2026-01-23
Incrementality lift: how to compute incremental ROAS from holdouts
Turn an exposed vs holdout test into incremental conversions, incremental ROAS, and incremental profit for decision-making.
Updated 2026-01-23
Marginal ROAS: how to scale ads with diminishing returns
A practical guide to marginal ROAS: why average ROAS misleads at scale, how diminishing returns work, and how to pick a profit-maximizing spend level.
Updated 2026-02-16
Target CPA: how to set acquisition targets from LTV and margin
A practical guide to target CPA: connect acquisition cost to LTV, contribution margin, and payback constraints (and avoid common mismatches).
Updated 2026-02-16
MER (blended ROAS): how to use it without fooling yourself
A practical guide to MER: what it is, how it differs from ROAS, how to compute break-even/target MER, and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-02-16
Max CPC and break-even CPC: how to set bidding targets from margin
Max CPC formula guide: translate AOV, CVR, and contribution margin into break-even CPC and a target CPC with buffer.
Updated 2026-03-07
Break-even CPM: how to price impressions from CTR, CVR, and margin
A practical guide to break-even CPM: translate CTR, CVR, AOV, and contribution margin into a max CPM and a target CPM with buffer.
Updated 2026-01-28
Break-even CTR: required CTR at a given CPM (with buffer)
A practical guide to break-even CTR: set creative CTR targets from CPM, CVR, AOV, and margin, then use them to diagnose pre-click performance.
Updated 2026-01-28
A/B test sample size: how to plan conversion experiments
A practical guide to A/B test planning: baseline CVR, MDE, alpha, power, sample size, and common pitfalls like peeking.
Updated 2026-01-28
CPL to CAC: why lead gen metrics mislead (and how to fix it)
A practical guide to converting CPL into CAC using lead-to-customer rates, and how to improve CAC by improving lead quality and close rate.
Updated 2026-01-28
Break-even CVR: required conversion rate at a given CPM and CTR
A practical guide to break-even CVR: set landing page CVR targets from CPM, CTR, AOV, and margin, then prioritize post-click fixes.
Updated 2026-01-28
Paid ads measurement hub: ROAS, MER, marginal ROAS, and incrementality
A practical hub for paid ads measurement: connect ROAS to profit, use MER for top-down truth, watch marginal ROAS for scale, and validate incrementality with holdouts.
Updated 2026-01-28
Paid ads bidding & budgeting hub: max CPC, target CPA, and break-even targets
A practical hub for bidding and budgeting: compute max CPC from CVR and margin, set target CPA using LTV, and use break-even CTR/CVR/CPM targets to guide creative and landing optimizations.
Updated 2026-01-28
Attribution vs incrementality: what to trust, when, and how to test
A practical guide to attribution vs incrementality: common attribution models, window pitfalls, how MER/marginal ROAS fit in, and how to run holdout/geo tests.
Updated 2026-01-28
Creative + landing page playbook: diagnose CTR/CVR, then set break-even targets
A practical playbook for improving paid ads performance: use CTR/CVR diagnosis, set break-even CTR/CVR/CPM targets from your economics, and fix the biggest lever first.
Updated 2026-01-28
UTM + GA4 attribution: practical tracking for paid ads (without lying to yourself)
A practical guide to UTMs and GA4: consistent source/medium/campaign tagging, conversion deduplication, and common attribution traps.
Updated 2026-01-28
Frequency and creative fatigue: diagnose performance decay and fix it
Learn how frequency, reach, and impressions interact with CTR/CVR, when to cap frequency, and how to refresh creatives without tanking learning.
Updated 2026-01-28
SaaS metrics
CAC: how to calculate Customer Acquisition Cost (formula + examples)
Customer acquisition cost (CAC) explained: formula, what to include, and practical CAC metrics (paid vs fully-loaded) you can trust.
Updated 2026-01-23
Fully-loaded CAC: what to include, what to exclude, and how to use it
Use this guide when paid CAC looks fine but cash efficiency still feels off. It shows which sales and marketing costs belong in fully-loaded CAC, what to exclude, and how to pair the result with payback for planning.
Updated 2026-03-31
LTV: How to estimate Lifetime Value (and when not to)
A practical LTV guide: quick models vs cohort-based LTV, unit consistency, and pitfalls with churn and gross margin.
Updated 2026-01-05
LTV sensitivity: how churn and margin change LTV
A practical guide to LTV sensitivity: vary churn and gross margin to see how gross profit LTV changes under realistic scenarios.
Updated 2026-01-24
CAC Payback Period (Months to Recover CAC): definition, formula, benchmarks
Learn how to calculate CAC payback (months to recover CAC) using gross profit, plus benchmarks and levers to improve it.
Updated 2026-01-05
CAC payback sensitivity: ARPA * margin scenarios (months to recover CAC)
A practical guide to CAC payback sensitivity: vary ARPA and gross margin to see how months to recover CAC changes under realistic scenarios.
Updated 2026-01-24
Churn: How to measure churn rate correctly
A guide to churn rate: customer churn vs revenue churn, measurement choices, and how to track churn by cohort.
Updated 2026-01-24
Gross revenue churn: definition, formula, and how to calculate it
Gross revenue churn explained: contraction + churned MRR relative to starting MRR, with monthly-equivalent conversion and pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
Retention rate: how to measure retention correctly
Learn retention rate definitions, how it differs from churn, and how to measure retention by cohort and segment.
Updated 2026-02-16
How to calculate ARPU (Average Revenue Per User)
ARPU calculation guide: definition, formula, worked example, and how to use ARPU with retention and LTV.
Updated 2026-02-22
ARPA: how to calculate Average Revenue Per Account (formula + examples)
ARPA (SaaS) explained: definition, ARPA formula, step-by-step calculation, and how to use ARPA with churn, payback, and LTV.
Updated 2026-02-22
ARPU growth decomposition: what drove revenue (ARPU vs users)
A practical guide to decomposing revenue growth into ARPU change vs user growth (and interaction), with a worked example.
Updated 2026-01-24
MRR: what it means (and how to track it cleanly)
A guide to MRR: definitions, what to include/exclude, and how to decompose MRR changes over time.
Updated 2026-01-24
ARR vs MRR: definitions, formulas, and how to convert
ARR vs MRR explained: what each metric means, the formulas (MRR*12 and ARR/12), and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
MRR growth rate: how to measure recurring momentum
A practical MRR growth guide: compute period growth, CMGR, and annualized growth (CAGR) from start and end MRR.
Updated 2026-01-24
MRR churn rate: definition, formula, and monthly-equivalent conversion
MRR churn rate explained: churned MRR / starting MRR, plus how to convert non-monthly windows into a monthly-equivalent rate.
Updated 2026-01-24
Bookings vs ARR: what ARR means (and what it doesn't)
Bookings vs ARR explained: what ARR is (and isn't), plus how it differs from bookings and cash receipts.
Updated 2026-01-24
LTV:CAC ratio: how to interpret the ratio (and avoid mistakes)
Learn what LTV:CAC tells you, rough benchmarks, and how churn and payback change what 'good' looks like.
Updated 2026-01-27
NRR (Net Revenue Retention): definition, formula, how to calculate
NRR explained: what net revenue retention measures, the NRR formula, how to calculate it by cohort, and common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
GRR (Gross Revenue Retention): definition, formula, how to calculate
GRR explained: gross revenue retention definition, GRR formula, how to calculate it, and why it matters alongside NRR.
Updated 2026-01-23
NRR vs GRR: differences, formulas, and how to use both
NRR includes expansion; GRR excludes it. Learn when each metric matters, how to compute both from the same cohort, and how to interpret the gap.
Updated 2026-01-24
Net new MRR: definition, formula, and how to calculate it
Net new MRR explained: how to calculate net new MRR from new, expansion, contraction, and churned MRR - plus common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
MRR waterfall: reconcile starting MRR to ending MRR
A practical MRR waterfall guide: starting MRR + new + expansion - contraction - churn = ending MRR, with an example and pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
SaaS Quick Ratio: definition, formula, and how to use it
SaaS quick ratio explained: (new + expansion) / (contraction + churn). Learn how to compute it and what it tells you about growth quality.
Updated 2026-01-23
Rule of 40: definition, formula, and how to interpret it
Rule of 40 explained: growth rate + profit margin. Learn which margin to use, how to compute it, and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-23
ARR growth rate: how to measure recurring momentum
A practical ARR growth guide: compute period growth, CMGR, and annualized growth (CAGR) from start and end ARR.
Updated 2026-01-24
ARR waterfall: reconcile starting ARR to ending ARR (net new ARR)
A practical ARR waterfall guide: starting ARR + new + expansion - contraction - churn = ending ARR, with examples and pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-24
Burn multiple: definition, formula, and how to use it
Burn multiple explained: net burn / net new ARR. Learn how to compute it, interpret it, and avoid common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
Net new ARR: definition, formula, and how to calculate it
Net new ARR explained: how to calculate net new ARR from new, expansion, contraction, and churned ARR movements - plus common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-24
Unit economics: CAC, payback, LTV, and LTV:CAC (how to model them)
A practical unit economics guide: consistent definitions for CAC and LTV, how to calculate CAC payback period, and how to interpret LTV:CAC.
Updated 2026-01-23
Bookings vs ARR: definitions, formulas, and examples
Bookings vs ARR explained (ARR vs bookings): what each metric measures, the formulas, and how to avoid common mistakes with annual prepay and one-time fees.
Updated 2026-02-22
SaaS Magic Number: definition, formula, and how to use it
SaaS Magic Number definition explained: what it measures, the formula, an example, lag assumptions, and how to interpret it alongside burn multiple and payback.
Updated 2026-02-22
Customer lifetime: definition, formula, and how to estimate it
Customer lifetime explained: how to estimate lifetime from churn, why the simple formula can be wrong, and how to improve the estimate with cohorts.
Updated 2026-01-23
Cohort vs aggregate metrics: why averages can mislead
Aggregate metrics hide churn and expansion dynamics. Learn when to use cohort analysis and how to interpret retention and LTV.
Updated 2026-01-12
MRR Forecast Formula: Example, Template, and Monthly Bridge
Learn how to forecast MRR with a monthly bridge model using starting MRR, new MRR, expansion, contraction, and churn.
Updated 2026-03-18
Blended CAC vs paid CAC: when each is the right metric
CAC depends on what you include. Learn paid-only CAC vs fully-loaded blended CAC, how to avoid mismatches, and how to connect CAC to payback.
Updated 2026-01-23
Cohort LTV forecasting: churn, expansion, discounting (practical model)
A practical guide to cohort-based LTV: why it beats simple churn formulas, how to choose assumptions, and how to interpret discounted LTV.
Updated 2026-01-23
Price increases in SaaS: break-even churn, segmentation, and rollout
A practical guide to price increases: how to compute break-even churn, model revenue impact, and roll out changes safely.
Updated 2026-01-23
Quota attainment: formulas, pacing, and how to forecast safely
Learn how to calculate quota attainment and pacing, how to interpret projections, and what to pair it with (pipeline coverage, win rate).
Updated 2026-01-30
Pipeline coverage: what it is, how to calculate it, and benchmarks
Pipeline coverage explained: pipeline / quota, how win rate translates to required coverage, and how to avoid inflated pipeline.
Updated 2026-01-30
Required pipeline: how much pipeline (and how many deals) you need
Translate a revenue target into required pipeline dollars, wins, and opportunities using win rate and average deal size.
Updated 2026-01-30
Sales capacity planning: quota, attainment, ramp, and what to watch
Sales capacity planning guide with calculator logic: estimate bookings from headcount, quota, attainment, and ramped vs ramping mix.
Updated 2026-03-07
Sales quota setting: a practical framework (capacity, pipeline, and ramp)
Learn how to set sales quota using capacity math, pipeline coverage, and ramp assumptions, plus a sales quota calculator to sanity-check targets.
Updated 2026-02-22
OTE (on-target earnings): definition, commission rate, and pitfalls
Understand OTE, how to compute commission rate from variable pay and quota, and how to avoid common comp modeling mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-30
Sales funnel targets: leads -> MQL -> SQL -> opp -> win (how to plan)
A practical guide to back-solving funnel volume targets from a revenue goal using conversion rates and average deal size.
Updated 2026-01-30
Activation rate: definition, formula, and how to improve activation
Activation rate explained: how to define activation, the activation rate formula, and practical ways to improve activation without vanity metrics.
Updated 2026-01-24
Trial-to-paid conversion: definition, formula, and how to improve it
Trial-to-paid conversion explained: how to calculate it, choose a window, and improve conversion without harming retention.
Updated 2026-01-27
DAU/MAU: how to measure stickiness and when the ratio misleads
Use DAU/MAU to check whether monthly actives come back often enough for your product cadence. This guide explains how to define active users, when WAU/MAU is the better lens, and what not to infer from a single benchmark.
Updated 2026-03-31
WAU/MAU: a weekly stickiness metric for B2B and weekly workflows
WAU/MAU explained: when to use it instead of DAU/MAU, how to calculate it correctly, and how to interpret it.
Updated 2026-01-27
Feature adoption rate: definition, how to measure adoption, and pitfalls
Feature adoption explained: how to define adoption events, choose the right denominator, and use adoption to improve activation and retention.
Updated 2026-01-28
PQL to paid: how to define PQLs and track conversion to revenue
A practical guide to PQL-to-paid conversion: define predictive PQL events, measure cohorts, and use segmentation to improve conversion and retention.
Updated 2026-01-28
Retention curves: how to read them and why they matter
A practical guide to retention curves: what they show, how to interpret churn vs retention, and how to connect retention to LTV and payback.
Updated 2026-01-28
Two-stage churn: modeling early drop-off vs steady-state retention
A practical guide to two-stage churn models: why early churn matters, how to model it, and how to connect retention improvements to LTV.
Updated 2026-01-28
Revenue retention curves: GRR vs NRR over time (how to model)
A practical guide to revenue retention curves: how GRR and NRR compound, how to interpret expansion vs churn, and how to avoid common mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-28
Unit economics dashboard: LTV, CAC, payback, and what to improve
A practical guide to unit economics: how to compute gross profit LTV, CAC payback, and LTV:CAC (and what levers improve them).
Updated 2026-01-28
Cohort payback curves: how to model payback with early churn
A practical guide to cohort payback: why payback matters for survival, how early churn affects payback, and how to improve it.
Updated 2026-01-28
NRR/GRR targets: how to translate targets into expansion and churn goals
A practical guide to retention targets: how NRR maps to required expansion and how GRR maps to maximum churn+contraction (with monthly vs annual units).
Updated 2026-01-28
Gross margin improvements: how margin changes LTV, payback, and growth ability
A practical guide to margin leverage: how improving gross margin increases gross profit LTV and speeds up CAC payback.
Updated 2026-01-28
Pricing guardrails: payback-based minimum price and max discount
A practical guide to pricing guardrails: compute minimum ARPA (or max discount) from CAC, margin, and a target payback to avoid breaking unit economics.
Updated 2026-01-28
Sales ops metrics hub: quota, pipeline, win rate, and capacity planning
A practical hub for sales ops planning: quota attainment, pipeline coverage, required pipeline, sales capacity with ramp, and OTE math.
Updated 2026-01-28
PLG metrics hub: activation, trial conversion, stickiness, and adoption
A practical hub for product-led growth metrics: activation rate, trial-to-paid, DAU/MAU and WAU/MAU stickiness, feature adoption, and PQL-to-paid conversion.
Updated 2026-01-28
Retention & churn hub: cohorts, GRR/NRR, and retention curves
A practical hub for retention measurement: churn rate, GRR/NRR, cohort retention curves, and how to set retention targets without getting misled by noise.
Updated 2026-01-28
Unit economics hub: CAC, LTV, payback, and runway (a practical stack)
A practical hub for unit economics: CAC, fully-loaded CAC, LTV, payback, margin impacts, burn multiple, and runway planning.
Updated 2026-01-28
Cohort analysis playbook: retention curves, LTV forecasting, and payback
A practical cohort analysis workflow: build retention curves, forecast LTV, and translate retention quality into payback and growth decisions.
Updated 2026-01-28
Pipeline coverage and sales cycle math: set realistic targets (and avoid sandbagging)
A practical guide to pipeline coverage: connect quota, win rate, sales cycle length, and CAC/payback constraints to set realistic growth targets.
Updated 2026-01-28
Finance
NPV (Net Present Value): definition, formula, and example
NPV explained: what net present value means, how to calculate NPV, how to pick a discount rate (MARR), and common pitfalls.
Updated 2026-02-16
IRR (Internal Rate of Return): definition, formula, and how to use it
IRR explained: what internal rate of return means, how to calculate IRR, and when IRR can be misleading (use NPV too).
Updated 2026-02-16
Discounted payback period: definition, formula, and how to calculate
Discounted payback explained: how it differs from simple payback, the formula, and when discounted payback is the right metric.
Updated 2026-01-23
Break-even revenue: calculate your break-even point
Understand break-even revenue with gross margin and fixed costs, plus tips for improving contribution margin and pricing.
Updated 2026-01-27
Contribution margin: what it is and why it matters
Contribution margin connects revenue to variable costs. It's the foundation for break-even analysis, ROAS targets, and scaling decisions.
Updated 2026-01-12
Cash runway: how to estimate burn, break-even, and survival time
A practical guide to runway: net burn, gross profit, break-even revenue, and how to avoid common cash planning mistakes.
Updated 2026-01-23
Break-even pricing: contribution margin, break-even units, and profit
A practical guide to break-even pricing: how to compute contribution margin, break-even units, and profit at expected volume.
Updated 2026-01-27
Deferred revenue: bridge billings to recognized revenue (with formulas)
A practical guide to deferred revenue: what it is, why billings and recognized revenue differ, and how to use a rollforward to stay consistent.
Updated 2026-01-28
DCF valuation: forecast cash flows, discount rate, and terminal value
A practical guide to DCF valuation and WACC discount rate choices: how to forecast FCF, choose a discount rate, and avoid terminal value traps.
Updated 2026-02-22
Investment decision metrics: NPV vs IRR vs payback vs PI
A practical guide to investment decision metrics: when to use NPV, when IRR misleads, and how payback and profitability index fit in.
Updated 2026-01-28
WACC explained: how to estimate a discount rate for DCF
A practical guide to WACC: what it is, how to compute it, and how to use it (carefully) as a DCF discount rate.
Updated 2026-02-22
Discount rate: how to choose it for NPV and DCF
A practical guide to discount rates: what they mean, how to choose a rate (WACC vs MARR), and how to avoid common mistakes.
Updated 2026-02-16
Equity value: how to bridge from enterprise value without mixing terms
Use this guide when your DCF or multiples output is EV but the decision you care about is what belongs to shareholders. It shows the EV-to-equity bridge, which balance-sheet items matter, and where analysts commonly double-count or mismatch dates.
Updated 2026-03-31
Pre-money vs post-money valuation: formulas, ownership, and pitfalls
Learn pre-money vs post-money valuation, how investor ownership is estimated, and why the option pool shuffle changes effective dilution.
Updated 2026-01-28
Pro rata rights: what they mean and how to estimate your check size
A practical guide to pro rata rights: maintaining ownership, estimating dilution if you don't participate, and common allocation pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-28
Option pool shuffle: how it impacts founder dilution (with example)
Understand the option pool shuffle, why it's negotiated, and how a post-money option pool target changes dilution for existing holders.
Updated 2026-01-28
SAFE conversion explained: cap vs discount, dilution, and priced-round math
Use this guide when you need to model what a SAFE actually turns into in a financing. It covers cap vs discount, pre- vs post-money mechanics, and the dilution mistakes that surprise founders and operators.
Updated 2026-03-31
Convertible note: interest, cap/discount, and conversion basics
A practical guide to convertible notes: how interest accrues, how caps and discounts affect conversion price, and common modeling pitfalls.
Updated 2026-01-28
Liquidation preference: who gets paid first and when investors convert
Use this guide to model exit proceeds under 1x non-participating preferred. It explains the preference-vs-conversion decision, the break-even exit value, and the cap-table details that change founder outcomes.
Updated 2026-03-31
Multiple valuation: how to use ARR/revenue multiples and avoid mix-ups
A practical guide to multiple-based valuation: choosing a metric, applying EV multiples, and bridging to equity value via net debt.
Updated 2026-01-28
ARR valuation sensitivity: a simple multiple grid for scenarios
Use a 3*3 grid to see how valuation changes when ARR and the market multiple move, and avoid false precision from a single multiple.
Updated 2026-01-28
DCF sensitivity analysis: how WACC and terminal growth move valuation
Use this guide when a single DCF output looks too precise. It shows how to build a WACC vs terminal growth grid, choose defensible ranges, and judge whether a valuation is robust enough to use in a decision.
Updated 2026-03-31
Loan amortization: how monthly payments and total interest work
A practical guide to loan amortization: monthly payment formula, why interest dominates early, and how term and rate affect total interest.
Updated 2026-01-28
Interest expense: definition, formula, and how to calculate
Interest expense explained: what it is, the formula, how to calculate it, and how net interest expense works.
Updated 2026-02-16
APR vs APY: how compounding changes the effective rate
A practical guide to APR vs APY: what each means, how to convert between them, and common comparison mistakes.
Updated 2026-02-16
Real vs nominal return: inflation-adjusted performance
A practical guide to real return: how inflation changes purchasing power and why nominal returns can mislead over long horizons.
Updated 2026-01-28
Fundraising & valuation hub: pre/post-money, SAFEs, notes, and liquidation prefs
A practical hub for startup fundraising and valuation basics: pre/post-money, pro rata, option pool shuffle, SAFE/note conversion, and liquidation preference outcomes.
Updated 2026-01-28
Valuation modeling hub: WACC, DCF, multiples, and equity value
A practical hub for valuation modeling: estimate a discount rate (WACC), run a simple DCF with sensitivity analysis, and translate enterprise value to equity value.
Updated 2026-01-28
Capital budgeting hub: NPV, IRR, payback, and investment decisions
A practical hub for capital budgeting: use NPV, IRR, discounted payback, and profitability index together (and avoid relying on a single metric).
Updated 2026-01-28
Runway and burn: gross vs net burn, working capital, and cash levers
A practical guide to runway: compute net burn, understand why cash differs from profit, and how working capital and collections change runway.
Updated 2026-01-28
Cash conversion cycle: turn working capital into runway
A practical guide to the cash conversion cycle (CCC): how AR/AP timing changes cash, how to reduce days outstanding, and why runway depends on working capital.
Updated 2026-01-28
NPV vs IRR: which metric to trust (and the traps)
A practical guide to NPV vs IRR: why IRR can mislead, when NPV is superior, and how to compare projects with different scale and timing.
Updated 2026-02-16